F1166 (version 23)
1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipment, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software.
1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipment on the other.
1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes.
1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.
1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
and
Subsections
Title
1
Scope
2
Referenced Documents
3
Terminology
4
Significance and Use
5
Controls
5.1
Principles of Control Design
5.2
General Design Guidelines
5.3
Control Movement
5.4
Control Spacing
5.5
Coding of Controls
5.6
Control Use and Design
6
Displays
6.1
Visual Displays
6.2
Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays
6.3
Display Illumination
6.4
Display Types
6.5
Audible Displays
7
Alarms
7.1
General Alarm Requirements
7.2
Visual Alarms
7.3
Audible Alarms
7.4
Voice Messages
7.5
Alarm Initiation Stations
7.6
Alarm Requirements by IMO
8
Integration of Controls, Displays, and Alarms
8.1
Principles of Design
8.2
Grouping Relationships—Principles of Arrangement
8.3
Separating Groupings
8.4
Position Relationships of Displays and Alarms
8.5
Position Relationships of Controls to Associated Displays and Alarms
8.6
Control and Display Movement Relationships
8.7
Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment
8.8
Alternative Approach to Grouping Design
8.9
Special Requirements for Control and Display Integration on Bridges
9
Anthropometry
9.1
General Design Requirements
9.2
Static Anthropometric Data
10
Workplace Arrangements
10.1
Basic Principles of Workplace Design
10.2
Seated Workstation
10.3
Standing Workstation
10.4
Kneeling Workstation
10.5
Squatting Workstation
10.6
Shelving
10.7
Status Boards and File Cabinets
10.8
Work Benches
10.9
Vertical Strainers and Filters
10.10
Reach Limitations at Workstations
10.11
Safety Eyewash Fountains and Showers
10.12
Pedestal-Mounted Controls and Displays
10.13
Hand Cranks and Pumps
10.14
Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment
10.15
Equipment Racks, Cabinets, and Individual Equipment Spacing
10.16
Consoles and Control Panels
10.17
Bridge Design
11
Access Aids: Stairs, Handrails, Railings, Vertical Ladders, Ramps, Doors, Lightening Holes, Hatches, Kick-Out Panels, Passageways and Walkways, and Work Platforms)
11.1
Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps
11.2
Stairs
11.3
Ramps
11.4
Vertical Ladders
11.5
Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages
11.6
Vertical Ladders with Positive Fall Protection Devices
11.7
Special Ladder Requirements
11.8
Handle/Hand Grab
11.9
Individual Rung Ladders
11.10
D-Ring Ladders
11.11
Handrails
11.12
Walkways, Passageways, and Alternate Means of Personnel Movement
11.13
Elevated Work Platforms
11.14
Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes, Inspection Ports, and Kick-Out Panels
11.15
Doors and Arches
11.16
Permanent Means of Access (PMA)
12
Valve Placement, Orientation, and Location
12.1
General Design Requirements
12.2
Valve Criticality and Location
12.3
Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Handwheel Operated
12.4
Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Lever-Operated Valves
12.5
Alternative Valve Orientations
12.6
Valve Manifolds
13
Human-Computer Interface
13.1
General Design Requirements
13.2
System Operations
13.3
Computer Displays
13.4
Display Content
13.5
Display Coding
13.6
Dynamic Displays
13.7
Display Format
13.8
Textual Data Displays
13.9
Graphic Displays
13.10
Audio Displays
13.11
Data Entry
13.12
Interactive Control
13.13
Graphic Controls
13.14
Windows
13.15
Menus
13.16
Forms
13.17
Alarms
13.18
Language
13.19
Feedback
13.20
Prompts
13.21
Defaults
13.22
Error Management/Data Protection
13.23
Data Security
13.24
Help
13.25
Software
13.26
Data Transmission/Messaging
13.27
Input Devices
13.28
Cursors
13.29
Printing
14
Habitability
14.1
Noise
14.2
Indoor Climate
14.3
Lighting
14.4
Whole-body Vibration and Shock
15
Labeling
15.1
Design Criteria of Labels
15.2
Abbreviations
15.3
Symbols
15.4
Component Labels on Consoles and Panels
15.5
Equipment Identification Labels
15.6
Electrical System Labels
15.7
Room, Deck Space, and Void Identification Labels
15.8
Pipe Marker Labels
15.9
Safe Working Load Identification Labels
15.10
Load Weight Identification Labels
15.11
Hazard Identification Signs
15.12
Information Signs
15.13
Instruction Labels
15.14
Graphical Schematics or Diagrams
15.15
Orientation Plans
15.16
Emergency Instructions
16
Material Handling
16.1
Design to Support Manual Material Lifting and Carrying
16.2
Weight Lifting
16.3
Weight Carrying
16.4
Design of Handles and Grasp Areas
16.5
Design of Auxiliary Hoisting and Carrying Devices
16.6
Hand Trucks and Wheeled Dollies
16.7
Crane Design
17
Design for Maintenance
17.1
General Design Requirements
17.2
Maintenance Accessibility
17.3
Maintenance Environments
17.4
Lubrication
17.5
Cases
17.6
Covers
17.7
Fasteners
17.8
Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes for Maintenance Access
17.9
Diagnostics and Troubleshooting
17.10
Equipment Modularization
17.11
Equipment Mounting and Installation
17.12
Standardization
17.13
Electrical Wires and Cables
17.14
Conductors
17.15
Connectors
17.16
Test Equipment
17.17
Fuses and Circuit Breakers
17.18
Hydraulic Systems
17.19
Stored Energy Devices
17.20
Pipe Flanges, Spools, and Blinds
17.21
Test and Sample Points
18
Hazards and Safety
18.1
Hierarchy of Controls
18.2
Safety Labels, Signs, and Excluded Area Markings
18.3
General Workplace Hazards
18.4
General Equipment-Related Hazards
18.5
Electrical Hazards
18.6
Mechanical Hazards
18.7
Fluid Hazards
18.8
Safety Barriers
18.9
Fall Protection
18.10
Emergency Egress
19
Communications
19.1
Communication System Requirements
19.2
Microphones
19.3
Headsets
19.4
Loudspeakers
19.5
Telephone Systems
20
Keywords
21
Acknowledgement
Appendix X1
Small Boat and High Speed Craft (HSC) Appendix
Appendix X2
Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Design Checklist
Appendix X3
Guidance for the Selection and Testing of Slip Resistant Walking Surfaces
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Title
1
Control Movement Expectations
2
Foot-Operated Switches Design Requirements
3
Pedal Location and Design Requirements
4
Lateral Spacing for Pedals
5
Design Criteria for Discrete Rotary Controls
6
Separation Requirements for Discrete Rotary Controls
7
Dimension, Resistance, and Separation of Continuous Rotary Controls
8
Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks
9
Dimensions, Resistance, and Separations Required for Cranks
10
Design Criteria for Pushbuttons
11
Two Types of Legend Switches (Backlit Pushbuttons)
12
Size, Displacement, and Resistance for Legend Switches
13
Design Requirements for Various Types of Toggle Switches
14
Design Requirements for Rocker Switches
15
Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Discrete Slide Switch Controls
16
Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Continuous Slide Controls
17
Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Levers
18
Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Slide Levers
19
Dimensions, Displacement, and Separation of Push-Pull Controls
20
Visual Lines of Sight
21
Primary and Secondary Fields-of-view
22
Design Criteria for Major, Intermediate, and Minor Scale Markings
23
Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale Numbering Alternatives
24
Scale Number Placement
25
Color and Shape Coding of Ranges on an Analog Display
26
Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular Dial Displays
27
Aligned Pointers for Rapid Check Readings
28
Digital Display Design Requirements
29
Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Function
30
Grouping Controls and Displays by Individual Equipment
31
Mirror-Imaged Arrangement of Individual Equipment Control and Display Groupings (Not Recommended)
32
Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Equipment
33
Grouping Controls and Displays by Sequence of Use
34
Grouping with Physical Separation
35
Grouping with Boundary Lines and Borders
36
Grouping with Colored and Shaded Pads
37
Grouping with Sub-panels
38
Position of Individual Controls and Associated Displays for Right-handed Operator
39
Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Controls and Displays
40
Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Displays and a Single Row of Controls
41
Positional Relationship between Alarm, Display, and Control
42
Positional Relationship between Control Pointer and Status Indicator
43
Control and Display Movement Relationship
44
Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment
45
Spatial Relationships Between Equipment and Control Panels
46
Spatial Relationships for Redundant Controls and Displays
47
Panel Layout That Replicates Location of Equipment in Remote Space
48
Mimic of Physical Equipment Functional Layout
49
Mimic of Functional Groups Irrespective of Equipment Layout
50
Standing Body Dimensions
51
Seated Body Dimensions
52
Depth and Breadth Dimensions
53
Hand and Foot Dimensions
54
Gloved Hand Dimensions
55
Head Dimensions
56
Changes in Levels up to a Maximum of 6 mm (1/4 in.)
57
Seated Workspace Dimensions
58
Dimensions for a Computer Workstation
59
Dimensions for Single or Multiple Personnel at a Table or Other Duty Station Not Requiring a Desk
60
Seating at CRT-Type Workstations
61
Clearance Behind a Seated Workstation
62
Control Mounting Height for Seated Personnel
63
Display Mounting Height for Seated Personnel
64
Control Mounting Height for Standing Personnel
65
Display Mounting Height for Standing Personnel
66
Control Mounting Height for a Kneeling Person
67
Display Mounting Height for Kneeling Personnel
68
Required Dimensions for a Kneeling Worker
69
Control Mounting Height for Squatting Personnel
70
Display Mounting Heights for Squatting Personnel
71
Required Dimensions for a Squatting Worker
72
Workplace Dimensions for Shelves with Full Access
73
Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Located Above a Cabinet
74
Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Requiring Vision Over the Top
75
Front Clearance Requirement for Lower Shelves
76
Mounting Height of Status Boards
77
Clearance in Front of Filing Cabinets
78
Workbench Dimensions
79
Safe Reach Distances Over an Obstacle or Barrier
80
Mounting Heights for Bulkhead-mounted Equipment in Passageways
81
Mounting Heights for Common Electrical Fixtures
82
Direct Spatial Relationships Between Controls and Equipment
83
Spatial Relationship of Fore and Aft Equipment to Controls and Displays on a Console Located Athwartship
84
Seated Single-operator Console Dimensions
85
Wraparound Seated Console
86
Special Width Console
87
Multi-tiered Standing Console
88
Multi-tiered Seated Console
89
Dimensions for Desktop Standing Console
90
Cargo and Ballast Transfer Consoles
91
Stair Dimensions
92
Straight Run Ramp Dimensions
93
Ramp with Turning Platform
94
Ramp with Switchback Turning Platform
95
Vertical Ladder Dimensions
96
Dimensions for a Vertical Ladder Arrangement
97
Platform/Landing Dimensions for Vertical Ladder Penetration
98
Caged Ladder Dimensions
99
Cage Shape and Size
100
Ladder and Climber Safety Device Dimensions
101
Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)
102
Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)
103
Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)
104
Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)
105
Handles or Hand Grabs for Use as Ladder Extensions
106
Handle for Transition from a Ladder to an Intermediate Platform
107
Recommended Design Criteria for Individual Rung Ladders
108
Dimensions for D-Ring Ladders
109
Fixed Handrail Design
110
Removable Handrail Dimensions
111
Special Handrail Design Dimensions
112
Transition Handrail Dimensions
113
Additional Personnel Movement-related Design Features
114
Dimensions for Rectangular Access Openings Installed in a Vertical Orientation Requiring a Step to Reach the Opening
115
Dimensions for Rectangular, Square, and Round Hatches, Manways, and Lightening Holes
116
Dimensions for Lightening Holes
117
Access to Vertical Escape Hatches
118
Access to Overhead Hatch
119
Access into a Cargo Hold Through a Raised Hatch
120
Door Placement
121
Desirable Upper Limits for Handwheel Torque
122
Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Vertical Stems
123
Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Horizontal Stems
124
Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Angled Stems
125
Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Vertical Stems
126
Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Horizontal Stems
127
Direction of Travel for Valve Levers Accessible From One Side Only
128
Physical Reach from a Stooping or Squatting Position
129
Mounting Position for Valve Levers and Handwheels Below Standing Surface
130
Orientation and Reach from Ladder Parallel to Valves
131
Orientation and Reach from Ladder Perpendicular to Valves
132
Operating Valves from a Ladder
133
Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Athwartship
134
Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Fore and Aft
135
Valve Manifold for Fill, High-suction, and Low-suction Valves
136
Default Push Button
137
Push Button States
138
Radio Buttons
139
Check Boxes
140
Slider Control
141
Message Window Design
142
Finger-Operated Displacement Joystick Specifications
143
Trackball Dimensions, Resistance, and Clearance
144
Permissible Noise Exposure Limits
145
Large Enclosure Ventilation Requirements
146
Surface Reflectance Values
147
Health Guidance Zones for Limited Exposures
148
Independent Symbols
149
Guidelines for Labels on Consoles and Panels
150
Control and Control Setting Labels
151
Control and Display Group Labels
152
Control Setting Labels for Multiple Controls
153
Equipment Label Format
154
Sensor Label
155
Pipe Marker Labels
156
Pipe Marker Labels with Two Colors
157
Hazard Signal Word Headers
158
Examples of Text and Symbol on Signs
159
Example of Information Sign
160
Handle Dimensions
161
Use of Hand Trucks
162
Use of Dollies
163
Case Orientation
164
Access Opening Covers
165
Example of Alignment Pins
166
Cable Arrangements
167
Suggested Cable Arrangement in a Junction Box
168
Fluid Line Connection Recommendations
169
Areas To Place Items on Bulkhead
170
Safety Barriers
X1.1
Primary and Secondary Fields of View
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title
1
Recommended Manual Controls
2
Control Movement Expectations
3
Minimum Spacing Between Two Controls
4
Comparison of Displacement and Isometric Controls
5
Typical Status Display and Alarm Color Codes for North American Industry
6
Character Sizes for Digital Displays
7
Functional Evaluation of Types of Audio Signals
8
Guidelines for Color Coding of Visual Alarms
9
General Recommendations for Sound Loudness and Frequency
10
Guidelines for Selecting Audible Alarm Sounds
11
Clothing and Postural Effects
12
International Geographical Regions for Which Anthropometric Data Are Available
13
Standing Height Dimensions—International Population
14
Seated Eye Height Dimensions—International Population
15
Forward Reach Dimensions—International Population
16
Male Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World
17
Female Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World
18
Weights for American Adult Females and Males
19
Seated Workspace Dimensions
20
Dimensions for a Seated Computer Workstation
21
Selection of Access Type
22
Stair Dimensions
23
Stair Widths
24
Handrail Arrangements
25
Recommended Ramp Angle Inclinations
26
Walkway and Passageway Dimensions
27
Dimensions for Additional Personnel Movement-related Features
28
Access Opening and Mounting Depth Dimensions for Levers and Handwheels Mounted Below the Standing Surface
29
System Response Time Limits
30
Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonkeyboard Input Devices
31
Keyboard Push-button Characteristics
32
Pointer Shapes and Associated Functions
33
Pointing Device Button Actions
34
Limiting Dimensions for Mouse
35
Maximum Permissible Noise Levels
36
Noise Attenuation from Hearing Protectors
37
Lighting Levels for Ships and Maritime Structures
38
Maximum Brightness Ratios
39
Operational Environment Types
40
Examples of Equipment Labels
41
Pipe Label Format
42
Example Color-Coding Scheme for Vessel/structure Piping
43
Chromaticity Coordinates for Color Coding
44
Message Text Character Heights
45
Design Weight Limits for Lifting
46
Design Weight Limits for Carrying
47
Limiting Factors
48
Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
49
Cross-Legged Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
50
Standing, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
51
Standing, Forward Reach (Preferred Arm)
52
Standing, Lateral Reach (Preferred Arm)
53
Opening Dimensions for Single-hand Access with Tools
54
Opening Dimensions for Single-hand Access without Tools
55
Opening Dimensions for Arm Access without Tools
56
Opening Dimensions for Two-hand Access
57
Thermal Temperature Limits
58
Shock Current Intensities and Their Probable Consequences
59
Minimum Speech Intelligibility Scores
X1.1
Visibility Standards for HSC and Small Boat Application
X1.2
Forward Functional Reach Measurements for North American Population
X2.1
Human Factors Checklist for Design
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.